Biology
Chapters
1. The Living World
Biodiversity, taxonomic categories, taxonomical aids and binomial nomenclature.
2. Biological Classification
Five-kingdom classification, viruses, viroids, lichens.
3. Plant Kingdom
Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms.
4. Animal Kingdom
Salient features and classification of animals into non-chordates and chordates.
5. Cell — The Unit of Life
Cell theory, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, cell membrane, organelles, nucleus.
6. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Light reactions, Calvin cycle, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis.
7. Human Physiology — Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Respiratory organs, mechanism of breathing, gas exchange, transport of O2 and CO2.
8. Morphology of Flowering Plants
Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower.
9. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Tissues, tissue systems, secondary growth.
10. Structural Organisation in Animals
Animal tissues, organ systems.
11. Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes.
12. Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Mitosis, meiosis, significance.
13. Transport in Plants
Diffusion, osmosis, transpiration, ascent of sap.
14. Mineral Nutrition
Essential elements, deficiency symptoms, nitrogen cycle.
15. Respiration in Plants
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, fermentation.
16. Plant Growth and Development
Phytohormones, photoperiodism, vernalisation.
17. Digestion and Absorption
Human digestive system, enzymes.
18. Body Fluids and Circulation
Blood, heart, double circulation, ECG.
19. Excretory Products and their Elimination
Kidney structure, nephron, urine formation.
20. Locomotion and Movement
Skeletal muscles, joints, disorders.
21. Neural Control and Coordination
Nervous system, neuron, reflex action.
22. Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands, hormones, mechanism of action.
23. Reproduction in Organisms
Modes of reproduction, sexual reproduction patterns.
24. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Pollination, fertilisation, embryo development.
25. Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis.
26. Reproductive Health
Population control, STDs, infertility.
27. Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Mendel's laws, sex determination, genetic disorders.
28. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation.
29. Evolution
Origin of life, theories of evolution, Hardy-Weinberg.
30. Human Health and Disease
Pathogens, immunity, AIDS, cancer.
31. Microbes in Human Welfare
In food, sewage, biogas, biocontrol.
32. Biotechnology — Principles and Processes
Recombinant DNA, gene cloning, PCR.
33. Biotechnology and its Applications
GM crops, gene therapy, transgenic animals.
34. Organisms and Populations
Population attributes, growth, interactions.
35. Ecosystem
Components, productivity, energy flow, nutrient cycles.
36. Biodiversity and Conservation
Levels, hotspots, endangered species.
37. Environmental Issues
Air, water, soil pollution, global warming.