PrepAtlas
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Sub-topics in this chapter
Encapsulation
Bundling data with the methods that operate on it and hiding internal state behind a controlled interface.
Abstraction
Exposing only essential behavior while hiding implementation detail — modeling "what" not "how" via interfaces/abstract classes.
Inheritance
Deriving a class from another to reuse and extend behavior via an is-a relationship — plus its pitfalls vs composition.
Polymorphism
One interface, many forms — the same call dispatches to different implementations at runtime (or compile time).